11 segments · 194 companies · as of Sep 18, 2026
Fuel & Critical Resources
Gas, nuclear fuel, conductor metals and water behind the electricity buildout
Where it sits
Feeds: Data Center Infrastructure
Power plants need gas and nuclear fuel; grids and storage need copper, battery materials and reliable water supply. Semiconductor growth also draws on minor metals and high-purity quartz. Producers, processors and delivery networks have distinct bottlenecks, and most suppliers serve markets far beyond AI.
Why now
New gas plants increase pipeline commitments, reactor plans raise demand for Western enrichment, and mine or refinery expansions take years. Export licensing and domestic-sourcing incentives affect materials availability in 2026 even when end demand is global.
Gas Pipelines & Compression
Gathering, processing, pipelines and compression deliver usable gas to generators. Dedicated laterals can link producers to AI campuses; wider networks also serve utilities, industry and competing LNG export demand.
Transco expansions transport gas to Southeast power markets; dedicated Socrates and NEO plants add direct fuel demand
leaderOracle pipeline agreements total about 900 MMcf/day across three campuses; Abilene service began in January 2026
majorSouthern Natural Gas South System Expansion 4 adds about 1.3 Bcf/day for Southeast markets, targeting 2028-29
majorTexas Eastern and Southeast pipeline assets serve power demand; over 50 data-center opportunities are not firm orders
majorCentral Virginia and Clark expansions add 0.4 and 0.3 Bcf/day respectively under long-term transport contracts
majorLEAP Haynesville system expands to 2.1 Bcf/day; NEXUS develops direct data-center gas interconnections
majorMatterhorn JV gas takeaway connects the Permian to Gulf Coast markets; power demand competes with LNG and industry
majorPermian plants remove NGLs and deliver residue gas to takeaway pipelines; no dedicated AI campus sale is asserted
majorDelaware gas processing and pipelines support a MARA 400 MW power-supply LOI; the campus plan remains conditional
majorAcadian and Texas gas pipelines, processing and storage deliver utility fuel alongside larger NGL operations
majorLarge-horsepower compression maintains pipeline gas pressure; behind-the-meter generation is an emerging end market
majorContract compression supports gas transport and generator fuel pressure; a named AI campus award is not established
majorOperates contract gas compression for midstream throughput; its separate turbine-power platform is placed in onsite power
majorPermian processing and pipelines include a connection agreement for CPV's 1.35 GW Basin Ranch power plant
majorSupply and Empire interstate pipelines plus storage deliver Appalachian gas to utility and industrial customers
majorVia Boardwalk, Texas Gas and Gulf South pipelines and storage supply regional generators and industrial customers
majorGas gathering and processing support Greenlight's proposed 932 MW Alberta power project for Meta; construction is future
majorDelaware and DJ Basin gathering, compression and processing deliver residue gas into downstream power markets
majorVia DCP, gathers and processes gas into pipeline-quality residue gas; this role excludes crude and refined products
majorTioga gas processing and Bakken compression recover associated gas for pipelines; AI demand linkage is indirect
nicheArgentine trunk pipelines and Tratayen treatment connect Vaca Muerta gas to power and industrial demand
majorDouble E transports Delaware Basin gas to Waha; August 2026 compression expansion FID adds future takeaway
nicheEnergy Services' Appalachian pipelines and storage supply regional generators; propane distribution is a separate role
nicheLibby 2 adds Delaware Basin gas processing and treating; supports regional gas availability without a named AI offtake
major
Sources: energytransfer.com, ir.oneok.com, phillips66.com, loews.com, tgs.com.ar, summitmidstream.com
Uranium mining
Mines supply uranium concentrate for conversion and enrichment. Existing production, restart execution and permitted development timelines matter more than resource size; nuclear PPAs rarely translate into a mine-specific AI customer.
McArthur River/Key Lake and Cigar Lake provide Canadian uranium; 2026 attributable output guidance is 19.5-21.5 Mlb
leaderKazakh ISR operations guide to 27.5-29.0 kt uranium in 2026; acid availability constrains the planned expansion
leaderRook I received its Canadian construction licence in March 2026; authorization does not mean uranium production
emergingPhoenix ISR construction follows the February 2026 FID; initial production targets mid-2028
emergingChristensen Ranch and Burke Hollow ISR assets expand US uranium supply; conversion is a separate development program
challengerWhite Mesa processes US uranium ore alongside rare-earth feed; 2026 production is separate from future heavy-REE capacity
challengerLanger Heinrich in Namibia completed its operational ramp-up in FY2026; Canadian PLS remains a development asset
majorAlta Mesa and Rosita Texas processing plants depend on staged satellite wellfield permits and replenishment
challengerShirley Basin began ISR operations in April 2026 and shipped first uranium-loaded resin to Lost Creek in August
challengerOwns uranium royalties and physical inventory; supplies financing exposure rather than operating mines or enrichment
nicheShootaring Canyon mill refurbishment and license reactivation target a 2027 restart; no current uranium production
emergingHoneymoon ISR produces Australian uranium; a separate 30% Alta Mesa interest adds US mine exposure
challengerTumas holds a mining license, but processing-plant FID is deferred pending better uranium economics
emergingDasa uranium mine construction in Niger faces financing and execution risk; commercial output is not established
emergingKayelekera restarted in 2025; acid-plant repairs interrupted the 2026 ramp, so nameplate output is not assured
challengerLance's low-pH ISR restart supplies Wyoming uranium; commissioning and wellfield performance govern the ramp
challengerPermitted Etango project has a CNNC strategic financing agreement; construction precedes operating uranium supply
emergingSemizbay-U and Ortalyk equity interests provide Kazakh uranium; do not attribute all CGN group mine output to this issuer
majorCanadian mine interests and Kazakhstan's KATCO supply uranium; Niger's SOMAIR control dispute limits that asset's access
majorUzbek ISR mines and processing plants produce uranium concentrate for export into global nuclear-fuel markets
majorUS conventional-mine restart assets complement Canadian uranium resources; development capacity is not current output
emergingOlympic Dam recovers uranium alongside copper; existing by-product output supplies the nuclear fuel cycle
major
Sources: world-nuclear.org, kazatomprom.kz, anfieldenergy.com, deepyellow.com.au, bannermanenergy.com, navoiyuran.uz
Conversion, enrichment & fuel
Conversion turns uranium into UF6, enrichment raises its fissile content, and fabrication makes reactor fuel. Western LEU capacity and much smaller HALEU/TRISO supply chains face different qualification, security and construction constraints.
Operating US and European enrichment plants; June 2, 2026 Eunice plan adds a future 2.1 million SWU/year
leaderGeorges Besse II enriches LEU in France; January 5, 2026 DOE award backs prospective US Project IKE capacity
majorPiketon HALEU centrifuges underpin DOE-backed expansion; commercial-scale enrichment still requires buildout
challengerPort Hope converts uranium into UF6 and UO2; owns 49% of GLE and contracted future Paducah enrichment output
majorColumbia, South Carolina and Vasteras, Sweden fabricate reactor fuel; Vasteras supplies BWR, PWR and VVER fleets
majorOwns Metropolis Works UF6 conversion after the Honeywell spin; 2026 target exceeds 10,000 tonnes of UF6
majorSolstice/General Atomics joint venture markets Metropolis conversion services; the plant itself belongs to Solstice
nichePaducah HALEU enrichment project receives a $900 million DOE award; new plant capacity remains prospective
emergingLynchburg TRISO manufacturing supplied fuel for Antares' June 2026 criticality and supports Project Pele
majorTRISO-X develops qualified TRISO fuel for Xe-100 reactors, coupling reactor deployment with a dedicated fuel factory
challengerTRISO fuel manufacturing platform raised public capital in July 2026 to scale advanced-reactor fuel production
challenger51% GLE stake and laser-enrichment technology support Paducah development; Cameco owns the remaining 49%
emergingVia Framatome, fabricates reactor fuel and supplies fuel-management services to the installed nuclear fleet
majorVia KEPCO Nuclear Fuel, manufactures fuel assemblies for Korean PWR and CANDU reactors and export plants
majorRussian centrifuge plants supply LEU through TENEX; sanctions and US import-waiver limits constrain Western access
leaderChinese centrifuge enrichment and fuel fabrication mainly supply the domestic reactor fleet
majorQuantum Leap develops Pelindaba HALEU enrichment with Necsa; TerraPower agreement does not establish commercial output
emergingUranium-zirconium metallic fuel undergoes INL irradiation testing; qualification and commercial fabrication remain future
emerging
Sources: world-nuclear.org, urenco.com, orano.group, solstice.com, orrick.com, energy.gov
Copper Mining & Concentrates
Operating copper mines and expansions supply primary metal for cables, transformer windings and power networks. Mine output, attributable ownership and restart constraints matter; commodity sales rarely trace to an individual AI campus.
Grasberg and Americas copper operations supply conductor metal; the 2025 mud-rush disruption leaves a staged recovery
leaderEscondida and Australian operations underpin 1.953 Mt of FY2026 group copper output for global electrification
leaderOyu Tolgoi underground ramp-up and Kennecott supply primary copper; Glencore bid discussions ended in February
majorBuenavista, Toquepala and Cuajone feed integrated copper production in Mexico and Peru
majorQuebrada Blanca and other copper assets remain separately listed while the proposed Anglo merger awaits completion
majorQuellaveco, Los Bronces and Collahuasi supply copper; the Anglo-Teck combination remains pending
majorAfrican and South American copper mines supply primary metal; production and country risk differ from its refining network
majorChile's state-owned Chuquicamata, El Teniente and other mines supply copper concentrate and refined cathodes
majorJulong, Serbian operations and the Kamoa-Kakula interest diversify copper supply across China and overseas mines
majorCobre Panama resumed stockpile processing in 2026, not fresh mining; Zambia operations remain core copper sources
majorConstancia and Copper Mountain produce copper concentrate; Snow Lake adds copper alongside gold output
majorCaraiba and Tucuma mines in Brazil supply copper concentrate for refining into conductor metal
majorKamoa-Kakula mine and smelter supply copper; staged recovery after flooding constrains planned output
majorLos Pelambres and Centinela anchor Chilean copper concentrate production for global smelters
majorPolish underground mines and the Sierra Gorda interest supply mined copper; cathode and rod conversion is a separate role
majorDexing and other Chinese mines supply copper concentrate; the larger Guixi refining operation also purchases external feed
majorCandelaria and Caserones produce copper concentrate and cathode; Vicuña development is separate future capacity
majorMantoverde and Mantos Blancos supply Chilean copper; Pinto Valley and Cozamin add North American output
majorSalobo and Sossego supply Brazilian copper concentrate; this distinct base-metals role is smaller than iron ore
nicheLumwana and stakes in Jabal Sayid and Zaldivar provide a distinct operating copper business alongside gold
majorCSA produced copper after the October 2025 MAC acquisition; Eva is under construction following its November 2025 FID
nicheAranzazu is an operating underground copper mine in Mexico, with gold and silver recovered as by-products
nicheNew Afton adds copper co-production after the March 2026 New Gold acquisition; the group remains precious-metal weighted
niche
Sources: sec.gov, bhp.com, southerncoppercorp.com, kghm.com, capstonecopper.com, ivanhoemines.com
Rare earths & magnets
Separated rare earths, metals and NdFeB magnets feed HDD actuators, cooling motors and robotics. This AI link is indirect and smaller than broader motor demand; Chinese licensing and non-Chinese processing capacity shape sourcing options.
Mountain Pass separation and Independence magnets pair with Apple offtake; the 10X expansion adds future US capacity
leaderMt Weld feed is separated in Malaysia, including new dysprosium and terbium products for magnet supply
leaderLess Common Metals and Stillwater magnet commissioning build a mine-to-magnet chain; federal funding is milestone-based
challengerBaotou-centered praseodymium-neodymium oxide and magnetic-material production anchors Chinese light-rare-earth supply
majorSintered NdFeB magnets serve efficient motors and industrial automation; no particular AI server customer is asserted
majorWhite Mesa separates NdPr; commercial heavy-rare-earth plant construction began in July 2026 for future Dy/Tb output
challengerNarva, Estonia sintered-magnet plant has 2,000 t/year initial capacity; Magnequench also supplies bonded-magnet powders
majorKorean magnet operations provide an existing base; the proposed 10,000 t/year expansion is not current production
challengerTerves and North American rare-earth metal processing target magnet alloys; feedstock and scale-up remain development risks
emergingRare-earth magnet production and new compressor-magnet recycling partnerships support efficient motors and actuators
majorVietnam operations develop rare-earth metal conversion with Lynas-linked supply; cable revenue remains the existing base
emergingUS 10,000 t/year magnet factory plan pairs ReElement feed with government-backed financing; capacity is prospective
emergingTanbreez holds a binding 15-year REalloys offtake; permitted resources and agreements are not operating mine supply
emergingItarantim ionic-clay resource advances exploration in Brazil; July 2026 IPO funds work, not commercial rare-earth output
emergingElk Creek plans rare-earth recovery alongside niobium and scandium; financing and construction precede production
emergingNEOREC sintered NdFeB magnets enable compact, efficient motors and actuators; no specific AI server customer is claimed
majorNEOMAX sintered NdFeB magnets supply high-performance motors and actuators through the private former Hitachi Metals group
majorDaido Electronics produces hot-deformed and bonded neodymium magnets for compact motors and industrial applications
majorLa Rochelle's operating separation line supplies magnet-grade rare-earth materials; this is chemical separation, not magnets
majorSan Marcos recycles feed into sintered NdFeB magnets; Nidec agreement supplies motors rather than a named GPU customer
challengerCarina and Penco ionic-clay projects support planned US separation; pilot work is distinct from commercial oxide output
emergingNolans plans integrated NdPr oxide production; conditional funding and customer offtakes precede operating supply
emergingBrook Mine pilot targets rare-earth recovery from carbonaceous material; no commercial magnet-oxide output is established
emerging
Sources: mpmaterials.com, announcements.asx.com.au, criticalmetalscorp.com, ir.imcrareearths.com, solvay.com, proterial.com
Critical minerals, quartz & helium
Minor-metal recovery, specialty refining and a few high-purity mineral deposits supply electronics and optics. Quartz ore feeds silicon crucibles; helium comes from gas streams. Export licences, byproduct economics and qualification can outweigh resource size.
Onsan recovers indium and antimony; the Tennessee JV plans gallium and germanium among 13 products from future capacity
majorSangdong, South Korea tungsten mine entered commissioning in March 2026 and began processing ore in June
challengerBelgian germanium refining and recycling supply optical and semiconductor applications from primary and recovered feed
majorPurifies germanium, gallium and indium into specialty metals; upstream refining is distinct from wafer fabrication
nicheChinese refining platform recovers gallium, germanium and indium; export licensing governs cross-border availability
leaderIntegrated germanium mining, enrichment and zone refining produce metal and GeCl4 feed for optical applications
majorTrail zinc-lead complex recovers germanium and indium; a July 2026 agreement supports further strategic-metal recovery
nicheVaudreuil alumina feed supports a gallium extraction program with Indium Corporation; commercial output is still planned
emergingRome, New York develops gallium extraction from Rio Tinto feed; a Quebec demonstration plant precedes commercial scale
nicheThompson Falls and Madero process antimony concentrate; resumed Montana ore haulage adds domestic feed
nicheIdaho Stibnite gold-antimony project is in early and critical-path construction; no commercial antimony output yet
emergingSpruce Pine IOTA high-purity quartz becomes crucible feed for silicon crystal growth, not a finished wafer
leaderSpruce Pine quartz is refined at Drag, Norway for high-purity crucible feed; a 50:50 Imerys/Norsk Mineral venture
majorLNG-linked helium recovery supplies global distributors; January 2026 Air Liquide contract covers 300 million cu ft/year
majorHelium sourcing, purification and liquefaction supply semiconductor customers; source interruptions affect availability
majorNorth American helium refining uses crude feedstock; ISO containers and Amarillo/Beaumont storage support global delivery
majorQatar-linked helium procurement and global distribution support electronics users; 2026 supply remains constrained
major
Sources: koreazinc.co.kr, almonty.com, umicore.com, 5nplus.com, sibelco.com, qatarenergylng.qa
Water treatment & reuse
Cooling-water treatment reduces scaling, corrosion and freshwater demand, while fab UPW requires much deeper purification. Membranes, reuse systems and service chemistry earn places here; internal server coolant hardware belongs in the cooling theme.
Nalco 3D TRASAR manages cooling water; acquired Ovivo electronics operations add fab ultrapure-water systems
leaderEvoqua treatment, filtration and UV/reuse systems provide campus water infrastructure and semiconductor UPW
majorHach monitoring, ChemTreat chemistry and Trojan UV support industrial cooling-water quality and reuse
majorAmazon Mississippi reclaimed-water project targets 83 million gallons of annual potable-water savings from 2027
majorUltrapure-water plants, treatment chemistry and water-recovery services supply Japanese and global electronics factories
majorSemiconductor UPW engineering and service operations support Japanese and Taiwanese fab water infrastructure
majorDesigns and maintains semiconductor ultrapure-water systems across Korea, Taiwan, Japan and US customer sites
nicheRO and ultrafiltration membranes remove dissolved and suspended impurities from industrial reuse and UPW feed
majorFilmTec reverse-osmosis membranes remain with the post-Qnity parent and support industrial water purification
majorAdvanced reuse and UPW systems serve semiconductor fabs and a West Texas data-center project; clients include undisclosed sites
challengerIndustrial cooling-water chemistry and monitoring control scale, corrosion and biological growth in recirculating loops
majorReported Samsung Pyeongtaek P5 UPW contract through Samsung E&A totals KRW22.2 billion in June 2026
nicheCooling-tower chemical programs control scale, corrosion and microbes in recirculating industrial water
nichePX pressure exchangers recover hydraulic energy in reverse-osmosis desalination and industrial water reuse
nicheIndustrial filtration and wastewater-treatment systems prepare water for reuse; no named AI campus order is claimed
nicheSilicon-carbide ultrafiltration membranes separate solids and oils from industrial wastewater for reuse
nicheX-Flow ultrafiltration membranes remove suspended solids from industrial and municipal water-reuse streams
majorHigh-pressure pumps and energy-recovery equipment move reverse-osmosis feed in desalination and industrial reuse
nicheCommercial and industrial reverse-osmosis and filtration systems condition source water before process use
niche
Sources: investor.ecolab.com, xylem.com, veralto.com, veolia.com, energyrecovery.com, hawkinsinc.com
Natural Gas Producers
Wellhead producers supply gas burned by utility and campus power plants. Regional pipeline access determines deliverability; most sell into commodity markets rather than directly to hyperscalers.
Homer City's 4.4 GW proposal has an agreement in principle for gas supply; final campus execution remains conditional
leaderHaynesville and Appalachian gas production supplies utility markets; broad power exposure is not a named AI offtake
majorBarnett gas resource links to 75% ownership of the venture holding Temple I and II, roughly 1.5 GW combined
nicheMarcellus gas portfolio expands through the closed HG Energy transaction; AI demand reaches it through regional markets
majorAethon US gas acquisition closed in July 2026, adding Haynesville exposure near growing Gulf-region power demand
majorMarcellus gas producer exploring colocated power demand; no specific hyperscaler supply contract is asserted
majorMarcellus and Utica wells supply Appalachian gas markets; no dedicated hyperscaler offtake is established here
majorHaynesville dry-gas wells feed Gulf Coast pipelines serving generators and LNG; no AI-only offtake is assumed
majorUtica, Marcellus and SCOOP wells produce gas for regional markets, including utility power demand
majorMature Appalachian and central-US gas wells supply existing pipeline networks; AI exposure is through fuel demand
nicheCanadian Deep Basin and European gas production supplies regional energy markets; no named AI contract is claimed
nicheUtica and Marcellus wells supply Appalachian gas and liquids; campus demand is an indirect commodity exposure
nicheFormer Coterra Marcellus gas assets join the surviving Devon group after the May 7, 2026 merger
majorAlberta Deep Basin and BC Montney gas output feeds North American pipeline markets and utility fuel demand
majorVia ARC Resources, acquired September 2, produces Montney gas; power and LNG compete for this Canadian supply
majorSeneca Resources produces Marcellus and Utica gas; upstream wells are distinct from the group's pipeline business
niche
Sources: devonenergy.com, shell.com, investors.comstockresources.com, cnx.com
Water Supply & Conveyance
Utilities, pipes, pumps and waterworks contractors deliver and recover the water consumed by campuses and industry. Dedicated supply and reuse infrastructure is distinct from treatment chemistry and equipment inside a cooling loop.
Regulated water and wastewater service supports data centers; Essential merger has HSR clearance but awaits other approvals
majorAqua plans an 18 MGD treatment plant for Greene County's power and data-center project; AWK merger remains pending
majorReclaimed-water supply for a Barueri data center reduces potable demand; broader Sao Paulo water networks remain core
majorSupplied water, wastewater and storm-drainage infrastructure to an 800-acre Indiana data-center project with Gradex
majorN-12 pipe and Nyloplast basins convey stormwater at data-center sites; this is site drainage rather than coolant
majorBlueEdge meters and network analytics measure industrial water use, detect losses and monitor supply quality
majorDistribution valves, hydrants and leak detection connect utility mains to large industrial water users
majorWilkins backflow preventers and pressure regulators protect commercial water connections; AI exposure is indirect
nicheVertical turbine and submersible pumps with drives supply industrial water, groundwater and municipal systems
majorVia PERC, builds and operates desalination and reuse plants, including Kalaeloa at Hawaii's Campbell Industrial Park
nicheEngineered steel transmission pipe and ParkUSA process-water systems convey supply and wastewater for industry
nicheDesigns large-scale water and wastewater infrastructure for hyperscale data centers and semiconductor fabs
majorWater reuse engineering combines source planning, treatment and delivery networks for industrial and municipal users
majorPlans campus water portfolios combining municipal reuse, brackish supply and storage to manage seasonal demand
majorWaterworks distributes water-main pipe, valves and stormwater systems used in utility and industrial connections
majorGoulds vertical-turbine and process pumps move raw and treated water in municipal and industrial supply systems
nicheSuper T Series and Prime Aire pumps handle wastewater transfer and industrial water intake outside cooling loops
nicheBuilds water treatment, pumping and conveyance infrastructure; no specific hyperscaler contract is established
nicheSussex Regional Recharge Facility manages Allen Harim industrial effluent; no data-center water contract is established
niche
Sources: prnewswire.com, amwater.com, essential.co, coreandmain.com, adspipe.com, aecom.com
Battery & Storage Materials
Lithium chemicals, graphite and cathode materials feed the batteries used by grid storage. LFP dominates new stationary systems; nickel and cobalt suppliers serve other chemistries and have a weaker, indirect connection. Mine and refinery projects are distinguished from current output.
La Negra and other conversion plants supply lithium carbonate, a primary input for stationary-storage LFP cells
leaderSalar de Atacama brine and lithium conversion produce carbonate and hydroxide for batteries, including storage
leaderLithium carbonate and hydroxide refining links upstream resources to LFP and other rechargeable battery chemistries
majorGreenbushes-linked feed and lithium chemical plants supply battery converters; no named AI storage offtake is implied
majorPilgangoora produces spodumene concentrate for lithium conversion; formerly Pilbara Minerals, ticker PLS unchanged
majorCauchari-Olaroz produces lithium carbonate from Argentine brine; output enters broad battery-material markets
majorPOSCO's lithium operations and POSCO Future M cathode/anode materials supply battery inputs beyond steel
majorLFP cathode and iron-phosphate precursor production supplies power and energy-storage cell manufacturers
majorCathodes serve ESS customers; LFP development is distinct from the established high-nickel production base
majorDevelops LFP cathode capacity for ESS while current high-nickel products mainly serve electric vehicles
emergingYaan lithium conversion supplies battery-grade hydroxide and carbonate; stationary-storage exposure is indirect
nicheNevada recycling recovers battery materials; planned lithium refining is separate from the operating recycling plant
emergingBalama natural graphite feeds Vidalia anode material; curtailed mine output and customer qualification constrain ramp
challengerTennessee synthetic graphite targets battery anodes; Panasonic battery-grade mass production is now targeted for 2027
emergingThacker Pass Phase 1 targets 40,000 t/year lithium carbonate; late-2027 mechanical completion is not current output
emergingOntario cobalt-sulfate refinery construction has restarted; cobalt serves nickel-based storage cathodes, not LFP
emergingMuskogee lithium refinery is permitted but major construction awaits financing; no commercial carbonate output
emergingKabanga would supply nickel and cobalt for battery cathodes; financing and construction precede commercial feed
emerging
Sources: albemarle.com, lithiumamericas.com, electrabmc.com, novonixgroup.com, syrahresources.com.au, globenewswire.com
Copper Smelting & Refining
Smelting, recycling and electrorefining turn concentrate and scrap into conductive cathode and wire rod. This conversion step is distinct from extracting ore and supplies cable, transformer and grid-equipment manufacturers.
Richmond, Georgia recycling plant processes secondary feed into blister copper; European plants refine and make rod
majorVia LS MnM's Onsan smelter and refinery, supplies cathode copper for wire, cable and transformer windings
majorGlogow and Legnica refine cathodes; Cedynia rolls copper rod and oxygen-free wire feed for electrical conductors
majorGuixi smelts and refines copper cathodes; downstream rod and foil production feeds electrical-material manufacturers
majorHorne smelts concentrate and recycled feed into anodes; Montreal's CCR refines them into 99.99% copper cathodes
majorMiami smelting and El Paso refining supply US copper cathodes; the company reports roughly 70% of US refined output
leader
Sources: lsmnm.com, aurubis.com, glencore.ca, kghm.com, fcx.com, en.jxcc.com
Glossary
- HALEU
- Uranium enriched above 5% and below 20% uranium-235; needed by several advanced reactor designs.
- SWU
- Separative work unit: a measure of uranium enrichment effort, distinct from tonnes of mined uranium.
- NdFeB
- Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets used in motors, HDD actuators and generators, not as a GPU input.
- UPW
- Ultrapure water, mainly used in semiconductor manufacturing; data-center cooling has different treatment requirements.
- HPQ
- High-purity quartz used to manufacture crucibles for growing silicon crystals; ore purity limits eligible sources.
Heat, spend, exposure and shares are editorial estimates. How to read the map ↗